The aim of this study is to examine the role of single, acute stressors as well as long-term contextual biological, psychological and social factors which precede exposure to war-stressors (sociodemografic factors, religious beliefs, psychological preparedness, past psychiatric illness and family history of psychiatric illness), affect the population during the exposure (type of war-stressors, level of the peritraumatic distress, cumulative exposure to potentially traumatic events) and postdate experiences related to war (direct impact of war on economic, social, occupational, educational, and familial functioning, social and family support, appraisal of redress for trauma) in mental health outcomes of the population exposed to war-stressors. Patients and Methods A case-control study included population-based sample of 512 participants (256 war survivors who had experienced at least 1 war-related stressor and 256 participans in control group). Clinical measures included Semi-structured Interview for Survivors of War (SISOW), Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), Clinician-Administered PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) Scale and Redress for Trauma Survivors Questionnaire (CAPS) and Redress for Trauma Survivors Questionnaire (RTSQ). Results Subjective appraisal of peritraumatic distress is the most prominent predictor of PTSD and depression which are the most common psychiatric disorders in population exposed to war-stressors. That indicates that trauma-focused approach is the best method for treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorders. Perceived support from close relatives and friends show strong predictions on PTSD and depression probably improving emotional regulation in VIIsituations when demands exceed the individual'scapacity for self-regulation. Sense of injustice arising from appraisal of redress for trauma is associated with PTSD and depression what indicates that retributive justice processes influences healing processes on national and international level much more than on individual level. Number of traumatic events is positively associated with PTSD and depression. This is consistent evidence of a dose-effect relationship between diverse forms of cumulative war-trauma and PTSD and depression. Male gender predicted only PTSD and not depression probably as the consequence of predominant direct exposure to combat comparing with female participants. Higher rates of PTSD are associated with being older suggesting the importance of research of risk for PTSD during different life stages. The only predictor of depression and not PTSD is family history of psychiatric disorders indicating the importance of family transmission of diathesis for depression. Conclusions Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression are the most common psychiatric disorders in population exposed to war-stressors. They are consequences of exposure to acute stressors as well as long-term contextual factors which precede exposure, affect victims during exposure and postdate exposure to war-stressors. Among other significant factors, the most prominent factor is subjective appraisal of peritraumatic distress. Identification of these factors is important because influence of some factors on mental health can be prevented and on the other hand, it can provide insight into needs of survivors with higher risk for adverse mental health consequences after exposure to war-stressors.